'A Smaller History of Rome', by William Smith and Eugene Lawrence, a classic free online Roman history book and companion for travel in Rome, including Chapters on GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY- EARLY INHABITANTS, Position of Italy, Italys boundaries, Italys two Divisions, Gallia Cisalpina, Liguria, Venetia, Italia, properly so called, Etruria, Umbria, Picenum, Sabini, Marsi, Peligni, Vestini, Marrucini, Frentani, Latium: its two senses, The Campagna, The Pontine Marshes, Campania, Bay of Naples, Samnium, Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, Bruttii, Fertility of Italy, Italys productions, Italys inhabitants, Italians proper, Latins, Umbro-Sabellians, Iapygians, Etruscans, Their name, Their language, Their origin, Their two confederacies, North of the Po, South of the Apennines, Foreign races, Greeks, Gauls, THE FIRST FOUR KINGS OF ROME, B C 753-616, Position of Rome, romes inhabitants, roman Latins, roman Sabines, roman Etruscans, Remarks on early Roman history, Legend of AEneas, Legend of Ascanius, Foundation of Alba Longa, Legend of Rhea Silvia, Birth of Romulus and Remus, Their recognition by Numitor, Foundation of Rome, Roma Quadrata, Pomoerium, Death of Remus, 753-716, Reign of Romulus, Asylum, Rape of Sabines, Rape of Sabine women, War with Sabines, Tarpeia, Sabine women, Joint reign of Romulus and Titus Tatius, Death of Titus, Tatius, Sole reign of Romulus, Death of Romulus, Roman Institutions ascribed to Romulus, Patricians and Clients, Three tribes, Ramnes, Tities, Luceres, Thirty Curiae, Three Hundred Gentes, Comitia Curiata, The Roman Senate, The Roman Army, 716-673, Reign of Numa Pompilius, Roman Institutions ascribed to Numa Pompilius, Roman Pontiffs, Augurs, Flamens, Vestal Virgins, Salii, Temple of Janus, 673-641, Reign of Tullus Hostilius, War with Alba Longa, Battle of the Horatii and Curiatii, War with the Etruscans, Punishment of Mettius Fuffetius, Dictator of Alba Longa, Destruction of Alba Longa, Removal of its inhabitants to Rome, Origin of the Roman Plebs, Death of Tullus Hostilius, 640-616, Reign of Ancus Marcius, War with the Latins, Increase of the Plebs, Ostia, Janiculum, Pons Sublicius, Death of Ancus Marcius, THE LAST THREE KINGS OF ROME, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS, B C 616-498, 616-578, Reign of Tarquinius Priscus, His early history, His removal to Rome, Becomes king, His wars, The Cloacae, Circus Maximus, Increase of the Senate, Increase of the Equites, Attus Navius, Increase of the Vestal Virgins, Early history of Servius Tullius, Death of Tarquinius Priscus, 578-534, Reign of Servius Tullius, Reform of the Roman Constitution, Division of the Roman territory into Thirty Tribes, Comitia Centuriata, Roman Census, Five Classes, The Equites, Number of the Centuries, Three sovereign assemblies, Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Curiata, Comitia Tributa, Increase of the city: walls of Servius Tullius, Alliance with the Latins, Death of Servius Tullius, 534-510, Reign of Tarquinius Superbus, His tyranny, His alliance with the Latins, His war with the Volscians, Foundation of the temple on the Capitoline Hill, The Sibylline books, Legend of the Sibyl, Capture of Gabii, King's sons and Brutus sent to consult the oracle at Delphi, Expulsion of the Tarquins, Establishment of the Republic, The Roman Consuls, First attempt to restore the Tarquins, Execution of the sons of Brutus, War of the Etruscans with Rome, Death of Brutus, Defeat of the Etruscans, Valerius Publicola, Dedication of the Capitoline Temple by M Horatius, 508, Second attempt to restore the Tarquins, Lars Porsena, Horatius Cocles, Mucius Scævola, Cloelia, 498, Third attempt to restore the Tarquins, War with the Latins, Battle of the Lake Regillus, 496. Death of Tarquinius Superbus, FROM THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS TO THE DECEMVIRATE,. B C 498-451, Struggles between the Patricians and Plebeians, Ascendency of the Patricians, Sufferings of the Plebeians, Law of debtor and creditor, Ager Publicus, Object of the Plebeians to obtain a share in the political power and in the public land, Secession to the Sacred Mount, Fable of Menenius Agrippa, Institution of the Tribunes of the Plebs, Agrarian Law of Sp Cassius, Foreign wars, Coriolanus and the Volscians, The Fabia Gens and the Veientines, Cincinnatus and the AEquians, League between the Romans, Latins, and Hernicans, THE DECEMVIRATE, B C. 451-449, Publilian Law transferring the election of the Tribunes from the Comitia of Centuries to those of the Tribes, Proposal of the Tribune Terentilius Arsa for the appointment of Decemviri, Seizure of the Capitol by Herdonius the Sabine, Their return to Rome, Appointment of the Decemviri, The Ten Tables, New Decemviri appointed, Their tyranny, Two new Tables added, making twelve in all, The Decemviri continue in office, Death of Sicinius Dentatus, Death of Virginia, Second secession to the Sacred Mount, Resignation of the Decemvirs, Election of ten Tribunes, Valerian and Horatian Laws, Death of Appius Claudius, The Twelve Tables, FROM THE DECEMVIRATE TO THE CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS, B C 448-390, Third secession to the Sacred Mount, Lex Canuleia for intermarriage between the two orders, Institution of Military Tribunes with consular powers, Institution of the Censorship, Quæstorship thrown open to the Plebeians, Famine at Rome, Death of Sp Maelius, Rome's Foreign wars, Roman colonies, War with the Etruscans, Spolia Opima won by A. Cornelius Cossus, Capture and destruction of Fidenæ, Commencement of siege of Veii, Tale of the Alban Lake, Appointment of Camillus as Dictator, Capture of Veii, War with Falerii, Tale of the Schoolmaster, Unpopularity of Camillus, He goes into exile, FROM THE CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS TO THE FINAL UNION OF THE TWO ORDERS, B C 390-367, The Gauls, or Celts, Attack of Clusium by the Senones, Roman ambassadors sent to Clusium, They take part in the fight against the Senones, The Senones march upon Rome, Battle of the Allia, Destruction of Rome, Siege of the Capitol, Legend of M Manlius, Appointment of Camillus as Dictator, He delivers Rome from the Gauls, Rebuilding of the city, Further Gallic wars, Legend of T Manlius Torquatusm, Legend of M Valerius Corvus, Distress at Rome, M Manlius comes forward as a patron of the poor, His fate, Licinian Rogations proposed, Violent opposition of the Patricians, Licinian Rogations passed, L Sextius first Plebeian Consul, Institution of the Prætorship, First Plebeian Dictator, First Plebeian Censor, First Plebeian Praetor, Lex Ogulnia, increasing the number of the Pontiffs and Augurs, and enacting that a certain number of them should be taken from the Plebeians, Publilian Laws, Lex Hortensia, FROM THE LICINIAN ROGATIONS TO THE END OF THE SAMNITE WARS, B C 367-290, Pestilence at Rome, Death of Camillus, Tale of M Curtius, The Samnites, Their history, Division into four tribes, Conquer Campania and Lucania, Samnites of the Apennines attack the Sidicini, Campanians assist the Sidicini, They are defeated by the Samnites, They so, The armies meet near Mount Vesuvius, Tale of Torquatus, Decisive battle, Self-sacrifice of Decius, Capture of Latin towns, Conclusion of the war, Conquest of the Volscian town of Privernum, Origin of the Second Samnite War, The Romans attack Palaeopolis and Neapolis, SECOND SAMNITE WAR, First Period, Roman arms successful, Quarrel between L Papirius Dictator and Q Fabius, his master of the horse, Second Period, Success of the Samnites, Defeat of the Romans at the Caudine Forks by C Pontius, Ignominious treaty rejected by the Romans, 314-304, Third Period, Success of the Romans, War with the Etruscans, Defeat of the Etruscans, Defeat of the Samnites, Peace with Rome, Conquests of Rome in Central Italy, Coalition of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Samnites against Rome, 298-290, THIRD SAMNITE WAR, Decisive battle of Sentinum, Self-sacrifice of the younger Decius, C Pontius taken prisoner and put to death, FROM THE CONCLUSION OF THE SAMNITE WAR TO THE SUBJUGATION OF ITALY, B C 290-265, War with the Etruscans and Gauls, Battle of the Lake Vadimo, State of Magna Graecia, The Romans assist Thurii, Their fleet is attacked by the Tarentines, Roman embassy to Tarentum, . War declared against the Tarentines, They apply for aid to Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus arrives in Italy, His first campaign against the Romans, Battle of Heraclea, Remarks of Pyrrhus on the victory, He attempts to make peace with Rome, Failure of his minister Cineas, He marches upon Rome and arrives at Praeneste, Retires into winter quarters at Tarentum, Embassy of Fabricius, Second campaign of Pyrrhus, Battle of Asculum, Treachery of the physician of Pyrrhus, Truce with Rome, Pyrrhus crosses over into Sicily, He returns to Italy, Defeat of Pyrrhus, He returns to Greece, Subjugation of Tarentum, Conquest of Italy, Embassy of Ptolemy Philadelphus to Rome, Three classes of Italian population, Cives Romani, or Roman Citizens, Of the Thirty-three tribes, Of the Roman Colonies, Of the Municipal Towns, Nomen Latinum, or the Latin name, Socii, or Allies, Censorship of Appius Claudius, His dangerous innovation as to the Freedmen, Repealed in the Censorship of Q Fabius Maximus and P Decius Mus, The Appian Way, The Appian Aqueduct, Cn Flavius, THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, B C 264-241, Foundation of Carthage, Its empire, Its government, Its army, Its foreign conquests, Conquest of Messana by the Mamertini, Hiero attacks the Mamertini, They apply for assistance to Rome, The Consul Ap. Claudius crosses over to Sicily to aid them, He defeats the forces of Syracuse and Carthage, Hiero makes peace with the Romans, Capture of Agrigentum by the Romans, The Romans build a fleet, Naval victory of the Consul Duilius, The Romans invade Africa, Their naval victory, Brilliant success of Regulus in Africa, The Carthaginians sue in vain for peace, Arrival of the Lacedaemonian Xanthippus, He restores confidence to the Carthaginians, defeat and capture of Regulus, Destruction of the Roman fleet by a storm, The Romans build another fleet, Again destroyed by a storm, The war confined to Sicily, Victory of Metellus at Panormus, Embassy of the Carthaginians to Rome, Heroic conduct of Regulus, Siege of Lilybaeum, Defeat of the Consul Claudius at sea, Destruction of the Roman fleet a third time, Appointment of Hamilcar Barca to the Carthaginian command, He intrenches himself on Mount Herctè, near Panormus, He removes to Mount Eryx, Victory off the AEgatian Islands, Peace with Carthage, End of the War, EVENTS BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS, B C 240-219, 240-238, War of the Mercenaries with Carthage, She owes her safety to Hamilcar, The Romans seize Sardinia and Corsica, Hamilcar goes to Spain, Temple of Janus closed, Completion of the Thirty-five Roman Tribes, ILLYRIAN WAR, Conquest of Teuta, queen of the Illyrians, Honors paid to the Romans in the Grecian cities, Agrarian law of the Tribune Flaminius, 225, GALLIC WAR, Defeat of the Gauls at Telamon in Etruria, Conquest of the Boii, The Romans cross the Po, 222, Conquest of the Insubres, Marcellus wins the Spolia Opima, 220, The Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum, 218, Foundation of Colonies at Placentia and Cremona, 219, SECOND ILLYRIAN WAR, 235, Hamilcar in Spain, Oath of Hannibal, Death of Hamilcar, Hasdrubal succeeds him in the command, 227, Treaty with Rome, 221, Death of Hasdrubal, Hannibal succeeds him in the command, 219, Siege of Saguntum, Its capture, War declared against Carthage, THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: FIRST PERIOD, DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF CANNAE, B C 218-216, 218, Preparations of Hannibal, His march to the Rhone, Arrival of the Consul Scipio at Massilia, Hannibal crosses the Rhone, Scipio sends his brother to Spain, and returns himself to Italy, Hannibal crosses the Alps, Skirmish on the Ticinus, Battle of the Trebia, Defeat of the Romans, 217, Hannibal's march through Etruria, Battle of the Lake Trasimenus, Great defeat of the Romans, Q Fabius Maximus appointed Dictator, His policy, Rashness of Minucius, the Master of the Horse, 216, Great preparations of the Romans, Battle of Cannae, Great defeat of the Romans, Revolt of Southern Italy, Hannibal winters at Capua, Note on Hannibal's passage across the Alps, SECOND PUNIC WAR, SECOND PERIOD, FROM THE REVOLT OF CAPUA TO THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS, B C 215-207, 215, Plan of the War, Hannibal's repulse before Nola, 214, He attempts in vain to surprise Tarentum, 213, He obtains possession of Tarentum, WAR IN SICILY, 216, Death of Hiero, Succession of Hieronymus, His assassination, 214, Arrival of Marcellus in Sicily, He takes Leontini, He lays siege to Syracuse, Defended by Archimedes, 212, Capture of Syracuse, WAR IN SPAIN, 212, Capture and death of the two Scipios, Siege of Capua, 211, Hannibal marches upon Rome, Is compelled to retreat, The Romans recover Capua, Punishment of its inhabitants, 209, The Romans recover Tarentum, 208, Defeat and death of Marcellus, 207, Hasdrubal marches into Italy, He besieges Placentia, March of the Consul Nero to join his colleague Livius in Umbria, Battle of the Metaurus, Defeat and death of Hasdrubal, SECOND PUNIC WAR THIRD PERIOD, FROM THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE WAR, B C 06-201, Character and early life of Scipio, 210, He is elected Proconsul for Spain, He takes New Carthage, 206, He subdues Spain, He crosses over into Africa and visits Syphax, He returns to Rome, 205, His Consulship, He prepares to invade Africa, His project is opposed by Fabius and others, 204, He arrives in Africa, 203, He defeats the Carthaginians and Syphax, Masinissa and Sophonisba, The Carthaginians recall Hannibal, 202, Battle of Zama, and defeat of Hannibal, Terms of peace, 201, Conclusion of the second punic war, Triumph of Scipio, ROMAN WARS IN THE EAST, THE MACEDONIAN, SYRIAN, AND GALATIAN WARS, B C 214-188, State of the East, Syria, Pontus, Galatia, Pergamus, Egypt, State of Greece, Macedonia, Achaean League, AEtolian League, Rhodes, Sparta, 214-205, FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR, Its indecisive character, 211, Treaty of the Romans with the AEtolian League, 205, Conclusion of the war, Philip's hostile acts, He assists the Carthaginians at the battle of Zama, His conduct in Greece, 200-196, SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR, 200, First campaign: the Consul Galba, 199, Second campaign: the Consul Villius, 198, Third campaign: the Consul Flamininus, 197, Battle of Cynoscephalae, 196, Declaration of Grecian independence at the Isthmian Games, 191-190, SYRIAN WAR, Antiochus the Third, Intrigues of the AEtolians in Greece, They Invite Antiochus to Greece, Hannibal expelled from Carthage, He arrives in Syria, His advice to Antiochus, 192, Antiochus crosses over to Greece, 191, The Romans defeat him at Thermopylae, He returns to Asia, 190, The Romans invade Asia, Battle of Magnesia, Defeat of Antiochus by Scipio Asiaticus, Terms of peace, Hannibal flies to Prusias, king of Bithynia, 189, AETOLIAN WAR, Fulvius takes Ambracia, Terms of peace, 189, GALATIAN WAR, Manlius attacks the Galatians without the authority of the Senate or the People, 187, He returns to Rome, Effects of the Eastern conquests upon the Roman character, ROMAN WARS IN THE WEST, THE GALLIC, LIGURIAN, AND SPANISH WARS, B C 200-175, 200, THE GALLIC WAR, The Gauls take Placentia and lay siege to Cremona, Conquest of the Insubres and Cenomani, 191, Conquest of the Boil, 190, Colony founded at Bononia, 180, Via AEmilia, 200, THE LIGURIAN WAR, Continued with intermissions for nearly 80 years, Character of the war, 198, TWO PROVINCES FORMED IN SPAIN, 195, THE SPANISH WAR, The Consul M Porcius Cato sent into Spain, His success, The Spaniards again take up arms, 180, The war brought to a conclusion by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, 178, THE ISTRIAN WAR, 177-175, THE SARDINIAN AND CORSICAN WAR, THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION AND ARMY, Review of the history of the Roman Constitution, Political equality of the Patricians and Plebeians, THE ROMAN MAGISTRATES, The Lex Annalis, The Quaestors, The AEdiles, The Praetors, The Roman Consuls, The Roman Dictators, The Roman Censors, The Roman Census, Control over the morals of the Roman citizens, administration of the finances of the Roman state, THE ROMAN SENATE, Its number, Its mode of Election, Its power and duties, THE ROMAN POPULAR ASSEMBLIES, The Comitia Curiata, The Comitia Centuriata: change in its constitution, The Comitia Tributa, The Roman Tribunes, The Plebiscita, Roman FINANCES, Tributum, Vectigalia, THE ARMY OF ROME, Number of the Roman Legion, Roman Legions, Roman Kegion, First Roman Period, Servius Tullius, Second Roman Period, The Great Latin War, B C 340, Hastati, Principes, Triarii, Rorarii and Accensi, Third Roman Period, During the wars of the younger Scipio, Two legions assigned to each Consul, Division of the legion, The Maniples, The Cohorts, The Tribuni Militum, The Roman Horse-soldiers, Infantry of the Socii, Fourth Roman Period, From the times of the Gracchi to the downfall of the Republic, Changes introduced by Marius, Roman Triumphs, INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME DURING THE MACEDONIAN AND SYRIAN WARS, CATO AND SCIPIO, Effect of the Roman conquests in the East, Debasement of the Roman character, 192, Infamous conduct of L Flamininus, 193, Worship of Bacchus, Gladiatorial exhibitions, Rise of the new nobility, 191, Law against bribery, Decay of the peasant proprietors, M Porcius Cato, 234, His birth, His early life, His Quæstorship,198, His Prætorship, 195, His Consulship, Repeal of the Oppian Law, 191, Cato serves in the battle of Thermopylae, Prosecution of the two Scipios, Haughty conduct of Scipio Africanus, Condemnation of Scipio Asiaticus, Prosecution of Scipio Africanus, He leaves Rome, 188, His death, Death of Hannibal, 184, Censorship of Cato, He studies Greek in his old age, His character, THE THIRD MACEDONIAN, ACHAEAN, AND THIRD PUNIC WARS, B C 179-146, 179, Death of Philip and accession of Perseus, 172, Murder of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, 171-168, THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR, 168, Battle of Pydna, Defeat of Perseus by L AEmilius Paullus, 167, AEmilius Paullus punishes the Epirotes, His triumph, His domestic misfortunes, Haughty conduct of Rome in the East, Embassy to Antiochus Epiphanes, Treatment of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, Mean conduct of Prusias, king of Bythinia, Treatment of the Rhodians, 167, One thousand Achæans sent to Italy, 151, The survivors allowed to return to Greece, A pretender lays claim to the throne of Macedonia, He is defeated and taken prisoner, 147-146, THE ACHAEAN WAR, 146, Corinth taken by L Mummius, Final conquest of Greece, Rome jealous of Carthage, Advice of Scipio, War between Masinissa and Carthage, Conduct of the Romans, 149-146, THIRD PUNIC WAR, 147, Scipio Africanus the younger, Consul, His parentage and adoption, His character, 146, He takes Carthage, Formation of the Roman province of Africa, Later history of Carthage, SPANISH WARS, B C 153-133, FIRST SERVILE WAR, B C 134-132, 153, War with the Celtiberians, 152, Peace with the Celtiberians, 151, War with the Lusitanians, 150, Treacherous murder of the Lusitanians by Galba, Success of Viriathus against the Romans, The Celtiberians again take up arms, the Numantine War, 140, Murder of Viriathus, Brutus conquers the Gallæci, 137, The Consul Hostilius Mancinus defeated by the Numantines, He signs a peace with the Numantines, The Senate refuse to ratify it, 145, 142, Censorship of Scipio Africanus, Consul a second time, He carries on the war against Numantia, 133, He takes Numantia, Increase of slaves, They rise in Sicily, They elect Eunus as their leader, Eunus assumes the title of king, 134, He defeats the Roman generals, 147, Is himself defeated and taken prisoner, 133, Death of Attalus, last king of Pergamus, He bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans, 131, Aristonicus lays claim to the kingdom of Pergamus, 130, Is defeated and taken prisoner, 129, Formation of the province of Asia, Extent of the Roman dominions, THE GRACCHI, B C, 133-121, Necessity for reform, Early life of Tiberius Gracchus, 137, Quæstor in Spain, 133, Elected Tribune, Brings forward an Agrarian Law, Opposition of the landowners, The Tribune Octavius puts his veto upon it, Deposition of Octavius, The Agrarian Law enseted, Three Commissioners elected, Distribution of the treasures of Pergamus among the Roman people, Renewed opposition to Tiberius, He becomes a candidate for the Tribunate a second time, Riots, Death of Tiberius, 132, Return of Scipio to Rome, He opposes the popular party, 129, Death of Scipio, 126, Expulsion of the Allies from Rome, 125, M Fulvius Flaccus proposes to give the franchise to the Italians, Revolt and destruction of Fregellae, 126, C Gracchus goes to Sardinia as Quæstor, 124, He returns to Rome, 123, He is elected Tribune, His legislation, Laws for improving the condition of the people, Extension of the Agrarian Law, State provision for the poor, Soldiers equipped at the expense of the Republic, Laws to diminish the power of the Senate, Transference of the judicial power from the Senators to the Equites, Distribution of the Provinces before the election of the Consuls, 158, C Gracchus Tribune a second time, Proposes to confer the citizenship upon the Latins, Unpopularity of this proposal, The Tribune M Livius Drusus outbids Gracchus, Foundation of a colony at Carthage, Decline of the popularity of Gracchus, His murde, Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, JUGURTHA AND HIS TIMES, B C, 118-104, C MARIUS, 161-134, Serves at the siege of Numantia, Attracts the notice of Scipio Africanus, Tribune of the Plebs, Praetor, Death of Masinissa, Accession of Micipsa, Jugurtha serves at the siege of Numantia, Death of Micipsa, Jugurtha assassinates Hiempsal, War between Jugurtha and Adherbal, 117, Roman commissioners divide Numidia between Jugurtha and Adherbal, Fresh war between Jugurtha and Adherbal, Siege of Cirta, 112, Death of Adherbal, 111, The Romans declare war against Jugurtha, Jugurtha bribes the Consul Calpurnius Bestia, Indignation at Rome, Jugurtha comes to Rome, He murders Massiva, Renewal of the war, 110, Incapacity of the Consul Sp Postumius Albinus, Defeat of his brother Aulus, 109, Bill of the Tribune C Mamilius, Many Romans condemned, The Consul Q Cæcilius Metellus lands in Africa, Accompanied by Marius as his lieutenant, Metellus defeats Jugurtha, Ambitious views of Marius, 108, He quits Africa and arrives in Rome, Is elected Consul, Attacks the Roman nobility, Campaign of Metellus as Proconsul, The people give Marius command of the Numidian War, 107, First Consulship of Marius, He arrives in Africa, He defeats Jugurtha and Bocchus, king of Mauritania, 106, Bocchus surrenders Jugurtha to Sulla, the Quæstor of Marius, Early history of Sulla, His character, 104, Triumph of Marius, His second Consulship, THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES, B C 113-101, SECOND SERVILE WAR IN SICILY, B C 103-101, Invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones, Their probable origin, 113, Defeat of the Consul Cn Papirius Carbo, 109, Defeat of the Consul M Junius Silanus, 107, Defeat of the Consul L Cassius Longinus, 105, Defeat of the Consul Cn Mallius Maximus and the Proconsul Cn Servilius Cæpio, 104, Second Consulship of Marius, The Cimbri invade Spain, 103, Third Consulship of Marius, 102, Fourth Consulship of Marius, The Cimbri return from Spain, 102, Marius takes up his position near Arles, The Cimbri enter Italy by the Pass of Tridentum, Great defeat of the Teutones by Marius at Aquar Sextiae, 101, Fifth Consulship of Marius, Great defeat of the Teutones at Vercellæ by Marius and the Proconsul Catulus, Triumph of Marius and Catulus, 103-101, Second Servile War in Sicily, Tryphon king of the Slaves, Succeeded by Athenio as king, The Consul Aquillius puts an end to the war, INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME, FROM THE DEFEAT OF THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES TO THE SOCIAL WAR, B C 100-91, 100, Sixth Consulship of Marius, His league with the demagogues Saturninus and Glaucia, Agrarian Law of Saturninus, Banishment of Metellus, Saturninus declared a public enemy, He is put to death, Marius visits the East, 92, Condemnation of Rutilius Lupus, 91, Tribunate of M Livius Drusus, His measures, Proposes to give the franchise to the Italian allies, His assassination, THE SOCIAL OR MARSIC WAR, B C 90-89, 90, The Allies take up arms, The war breaks out at Asculum in Picenum, Corfinium the new capital of the Italian confederation, Q Pompaedius Silo, a Marsian, and C. Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, the Italian Consuls, Defeat and death of the Roman Consul P Rutilius Lupus, Exploits of Marius, The Lex Julia, 89, Success of the Romans, The Lex Plautia Papiria, The franchise given to the Allies, All the Allies lay down their arms except the Samnites and Lucanians, Ten new Tribes formed, FIRST ROMAN CIVIL WAR, B C 88-86, 88, Consulship of Sulla, Receives the command of the Mithridatic War, The Tribune P Sulpicius Rufus, He proposes to distribute the Italians among the thirty-five Tribes, Sulla flies from Rome to Nola, The people give Marius the command of the Mithridatic War, Sulla marches upon Rome, Sulpicius put to death, Marius flies from Rome, His adventures, Is seized at Minturnæ, Sulla Escapes to Africa, Sulla sails to the East, 87, Riots at Rome, The Consul Cinna invites the assistance of Marius, Marius and Cinna march upon Rome, They enter the city, Proscription of their enemies, 86, Seventh Consulship of Marius, His death, FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR, B C 88-84, Kingdom of Pontus, Its history, Accession of Mithridates VI, His early life, His attainments, His conquests, His disputes with the Romans, He invades Cappadocia and Bithynia, He invades the Roman province of Asia, 88, Massacre of Romans and Italians, 87, The Grecian states declare in favor of Mithridates, Sulla lands in Epirus, He lays siege to Athens and the Piraeus, 86, Takes these cities, defeats Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, at Chæronea, 85, Again defeats Archelaus at Orchomenus, 84, Peace with Mithridates, Sulla attacks Fimbria, the Marian general, in Asia, 83, He returns to Italy, SECOND TOMAN CIVIL WAR, SULLA'S DICTATORSHIP, LEGISLATION, AND DEATH, B C 83-78, 84, Consulship of Cinna and Carbo, Death of Cinna, 83, Consulship of Scipio and Norbanus, Preparations for war, The Italians support the Marian party, Sulla marches from Brundusium to Campania, Defeats the Consul Norbanus, Pompey, Metellus Pius, Crasus, and others, join Sulla, 83, Consulship of Papirus Carbo and the younger Marius, Defeat of Marius, who takes refuge in Præneste, Murder of Senators in Rome by order of Marius, Great battle before the Colline gate at Rome between Sulla and the Samnites, Defeat of the Samnites, Surrender of Præneste, Death of Marius, End of the war, Sulla master of Rome, Proscription, Dreadful scenes, 81, Sulla dictator, He celebrates his triumph over Mithridates, His reforms in the constitution, His military colonies, 73, He resigns the Dictatorship, He retires to Puteoli, His death, His funeral, LEGES CORNELLAE, Laws relating to the Constitution, Deprive the Comitia Tribute of their legislative and judicial powers, Increase the power of the Senate, Increase the number of the Quaestors and Praetors, Deprive the Tribunes of all real power, Laws relating to the Ecclesiastical Corporations, Repeal of the Lex Domitia, Increase of the number of Pontiffs and Augurs, Laws relating to the Administration of Justice, Quaestiones Perpetuae, Transference of the Judicia from the Equites to the Senators, Laws relating to the improvement of Public Morals, FROM THE DEATH OF SULLA TO THE CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS, B C 78-70, 78, Consulship of Lepidus and Catulus, Lepidus attempts to repeal the laws of Sulla, Is opposed by Catulus, Is defeated at the Mulvian Bridge, Retires to Sardinia, His death, 82, Sertorius in Spain, 79, Carries on war against Metellus, CN OMPEIUS MAGNUS, His birth, 89, Fights against the Italians under his father, 83, Joins Sulla, 82, Is sent into Sicily and Africa, 80, Enters Rome in triumph, 78, Supports the aristocracy against Lepidus, 76, Is sent into Spain to assist Metellus, 72, Assassination of Sertorius by Perperna, 71, Pompey finishes the war in Spain, 73, War of the Gladiators, Spartacus, 72, Spartacus defeats both Consuls, 71, Crassus appointed to the command of the war against the Gladiators, Defeats and slays Spartacus, Pompey cuts to pieces a body of Gladiators, 70, Consulship of Pompey and Crassus, Pompey restores the Tribunitian power, Law of L Aurelius Cotta, transferring the Judicia to the Senators, Equites, and Tribuni AErarii, THIRD OR GREAT MITHRIDATIC WAR, B C 74-61, 83, SECOND MITHRIDATIC WAR, Murena invades Pontus, Mithridates defeats Murena, End of the Second Mithridatic War, Preparations of Mithridates, 71, THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR, Mithridates defeats the Consul Cotta, He lays siege to Cyzicus, The siege is raised by Lucullus, Lucullus defeats Mithridates, Mithridates takes refuge in Armenia, 70, Lucullus settles the affairs of Asia, 69, He invades Armenia and defeats Tigranes, 68, Lucullus defeats Tigranes and Mithridates, and lays siege to Nisibis, 67, Mithridates returns to Pontus and defeats the generals of Lucullus, Mutiny in the army of Lucullus, The command of the Mithridatic War given to Glabrio, WAR WITH THE PIRATES, Account of the Pirates, Command of the war given by the Gabinian Law to Pompey, Success of Pompey, He finishes the war, 66, THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR CONTINUED, Command of the Mithridatic War given by the Manilian Law to Pompey, It is opposed by the aristocracy, It is supported by Cicero, Pompey defeats Mithridates, Mithridates retires into the Cimmerian Bosporus, Pompey invades Armenia, Submission of Tigranes, 65, Pompey pursues Mithridates, He advances as far as the River Phasis, He returns to Pontus, which he reduces to the form of a Roman province, 64, He marches into Syria, which he makes a Roman province, 63, He subdues Phoenicia and Palestine, He takes Jerusalem, Preparations of Mithridates, Conspiracy against him, His death, Pompey settles the affairs of Asia, 62, He returns to Italy, INTERNAL HISTORY, FROM THE CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS TO THE RETURN OF POMPEY FROM THE EAST, THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE, B C 69-61, C JULIUS CÆSAR, 100, His birth, His early history, Proscribed by Sulla, 81, He serves in Asia, 77, Accuses Dolabella, Taken by the Pirates, 75, Studies in Rhodes, 68, Quaestor, 65, Curule AEdile, Restores the statues of Marius, M TULLIUS CICERO, His birth, 80, Serves in the Social War, 81, His speech for P Quintius, 80, His speech for Sex Roscius of Ameria, 79, He goes to Athens, 78, He studies in Rome, 77, He returns to Rome, 76, Quaestor in Sicily, 70, He accuses Verres, AEdile, 66, Praetor, He speaks on behalf of the Manilian law, 65, First conspiracy of Catiline, History of Catiline, 63, Consulship of Cicero, Second conspiracy of Catiline, Catiline quits Rome, Cicero seizes the conspirators, They are put to death, 62, Defeat and death of Catiline, Popularity of Cicero, Remarks upon the punishment of the conspirators, FROM POMPEY'S RETURN FROM THE EAST TO CICERO'S BANISHMENT AND RECALL, B C 62-57, 62, Pompey arrives in Italy, 61, Triumph of Pompey, State of parties in Rome, 60, The Senate refuses to sanction Pompey's measures in Asia, 63, Prætorship of Caesar, 61, Propraetor in Spain, 60, His victories in Spain, He returns to Rome, FIRST TRIUMVIRATE, 59, Consulship of Cæsar, Agrarian Law for the division of the Campanian land, Ratification of Pompey's acts in Asia, Marriage of Julia, Cæsar's daughter, with Pompey, Caesar gains over the Equites, Vatinian Law, granting to Caesar the provinces of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for five years, Transalpine Gaul added, 62, Clodius profanes the rites of the Bona Dea, 61, His trial and acquittal, His enmity against Cicero, 58, Tribune of the Plebs, He accuses Cicero, Banishment of Cicero, 57, Riots at Rome between Clodius and Milo, Return of Cicero from banishment, CAESAR'S CAMPAIGNS IN GAUL, B C 58-51, 58, First Campaign, He defeats the Helvetii, He defeats Ariovistus and the Germans, 57, Second Campaign, The Belgic War, Great victory over the Nervii, 55, Third Campaign, He defeats the Veneti, He defeats the Morini and Menapii, 55, Fourth Campaign, Caesar crosses the Rhine, His first invasion of Britain, 54, Fifth Campaign, Julius Caesars second invasion of Britain, Revolt of the Eburones, They destroy the detachment of T Titurius Sabinus and L Aurunculeius Cotta, They attack the camp of Q Cicero, 53, Sixth Campaign, Caesar puts down the revolt in Gaul, He crosses the Rhine a second time, 52, Seventh Campaign, Revolt of all Gaul, Headed by Vercingetorix, Caesar takes Alesia and Vercingetorix, 51, Eighth Campaign, Pacification of Gaul, INTERNAL HISTORY FROM THE RETURN OF CICERO FROM BANISHMENT TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CIVIL WAR, EXPEDITION AND DEATH OF CRASSUS, B C 57-50, 57, Cicero supports the Triumvirs, 56, Pompey and Crassus meet Cæsar at Luca, Fresh arrangements for the continuance of their power, 55, Second Consulship of Pompey and Crassus, The Trebonian Law, giving the two Spains to Pompey and Syria to Crassus, and prolonging Pompey's government for five years more, Dedication of Pompey's theatre, 54, Crassus crosses the Euphrates, He winters in Syria, 53, He again crosses the Euphrates, Is defeated and slain near Carrhae, 54, Death of Julia, 53, Riots in Rome, 52, Murder of Clodius by Milo, Pompey sole Consul, Trial and condemnation of Milo, 51, Rupture between Cæsar and Pompey, Pompey joins the aristocratical party, 49, Proposition that Cæsar should lay down his command, The Senate invest the Consuls with dictatorial power, The Tribunes Antony and Cassius fly to Cæsar's camp, Commencement of the Civil War, THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND CIVIL WAR TO CAESAR'S DEATH, B C 49-44, 49, Caesar at Ravenna, Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, His triumphal progress through Italy, Pompey and his party fly from Rome to Brundusium, They are pursued by Caesar, They embark for Greece, Caesar goes to Rome, He sets out for Spain, Caesar conquers L Africanus and M Petreius, Pompey's lieutenants in Spain, Is appointed Dictator, which office he holds only eleven days, He takes Massilia, 48, He sails from Brundusium to Greece, He besieges Pompey at Dyrrhachium, Is compelled to retire, Battle of Pharsalia, and defeat of Pompey, Pompey flies to Egypt, His death, Caesar is appointed Dictator a second time, The Alexandrine War, 47, Conclusion of the Alexandrine War, Cæsar marches into Pontus and defeats Pharnaces, He sails to Africa, 46, Battle of Thapsus, and defeat of the Pompeians, Siege of Utica, Death of Cat, Caesar returns to Rome, His triumph, His reformation of the Calendar, Insurrection in Spain, Caesar sets out for Spain, 45, Battle of Munda, and defeat of the Pompeians, Caesar returns to Rome, He is undisputed master of the Roman world, Honors conferred upon him, Use he made of his power, His vast projects, 44, Conspiracy against Cæsar's life, Brutus and Cassius, Assassination of Caesar on the Ides of March, Reflections on his death, His character and genius, FROM THE DEATH OF CAESAR TO THE BATTLE OF PHILIPPI, B C 44-42, 44, Proceedings of the conspirators, Antony and Lepidus, Pretended reconciliation, Caesar's will, His funeral, Popular indignation against the conspirators, They fly from Rome, OCTAVIUS, Caesar's nephew, at Illyricum, Is made Caesar's heir, He proceeds to Rome, His opposition to Antony, He courts the Senate, Antony proceeds to Cisalpine Gaul, and lays siege to Mutina, 43, Cicero's second Philippic, Octavian and the Consuls Hirtius and Pansa march against Antony, They attack Antony, Death of Hirtius and Pansa, Antony is defeated, and crosses the Alps, Octavian marches to Rome, Is declared Consul, Breaks with the Senate, and outlaws the murderers of Caesar, Marches against Antony and Lepidus, Is reconciled with them, SECOND TRIUMVIRATE, The Triumvirs enter Rome, Dreadful Scenes, Death of Cicero, Sextus Pompey master of Sicily and the Mediterranean, He defeats the fleet of the Triumvirs, Brutus obtains possession of Macedonia, Cassius, of Syria, Their proceedings in the East, They plunder Asia Minor, 42, They return to Europe to meet the Triumvirs, Battle of Philippi, Death of Brutus and Cassius, FROM THE BATTLE OF PHILIPPI TO THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM, B C 41-30, 41, Antony remains in the East, He meets Cleopatra at Tarsus, He accompanies her to Alexandria, Octavian returns to Rome, Confusion in Italy, Confiscation of lands, Fulvia, the wife of Antony, and L Antonius, his brother, rise against Antony, They take refuge in Perusia, 40, Capture of Perusia, and end of the war, The Parthians invade Syria, Antony joins Sextus Pompey and lays siege to Brundusium, Reconciliation between Antony and Octavian, Fresh division of the Roman world, Antony marries Octavia, 39, Peace with Sextus Pompey at Misenum, Ventidius, the Legate of Antony, defeats the Parthians, 38, He again defeats the Parthians, Death of Pacorus, War with Sextus Pompey, He destroys the fleet of Octavian, 37, Antony comes to Tarentum, Triumvirate renewed for another period of five years, 30, Renewal of the war with Sextus Pompey, His defeat, He flies to Asia, Lepidus deprived of his Triumvirate, 35, Death of Pompey, 36, Antony joins Cleopatra, His infatuation, He invades Parthia, His disastrous retreat, 34, He invades Armenia, Octavian subdues the Dalmatians, His prudent conduct, 33, Rupture between Octavian and Antony, 32, War against Cleopatra, 31, Battle of Actium, Defeat of Antony, He flies to Alexandria, 30, Death of Antony and Cleopatra, Egypt made a Roman province, End of the Roman Republic, 29, Triumph of Octavian, 27, He receives the title of Augustus, His policy, SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS, Poetry, Saturnian Metre, Commencement of Roman Literature, Roman Drama, M Livius Andronicus, Cn Naevius, 239-169, Q Ennius, 254-184, T Maccius Plautus, 195-159, P Terentius Afer, Q Cæcilius, L Afranius, 220-180, M. Pacuvius, 170-90, L Accius, Comoediæ Togatæ, Comoediæ Palliatæ, Comoediæ Prætextatæ, Atellanæ Fabulae, Mimes, Dec Laberius, P Syrus, Fescennine Songs, Roman Satire, 148-103, C Lucilius, 95-51, T Lucretius Carus, 87-47, Valerius Catullus, 70-19, P Virgilius Maro, 65-8, Q Horatius Flaccus, 30, Albius Tibullus, B C, A D, Aurelius Propertius, 43-18, P Ovidius Naso, B C, ROMAN PROSE WRITERS, The Annalists, Q Fabius Pictor, L Cincius Alimentus, 234-140, M Porcius Cato, 106-43, M Tullius Cicero, 117-28, M Terentius Varro, 100-41, C Julius Caesar, 86-34, C Sallustius Crispus, BC, AD, Cornelius Nepos, 53-17, Titus Livius, THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR, B C 31-A D 14, Conduct of Augustus, His friends, Police of Rome, Condition of the empire, Italy, Gaul, and Spain, Africa, Egypt and Greece, Boundaries of the empire, The Praetorian guard, Roman Army and Roman navy, Augustus in Spain, His family, His wife, Livia, Marcellus, Julia, Tiberius, Cains and Lucius Caesar, Birth of the Savior, Death of Augustus, His character and personal appearance, FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS, A D 14-37, TO DOMITIAN, A D 96, Accession of Tiberius, Germanicus, His death, The Lex Majestas, The Delatores, Sejanus, Death of Sejanus, Death of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, His conduct, The Emperor Nero, His crimes, Vitellius, Vespasian, Fall of Jerusalem, Reign of Titus, The Colosseum, Reign of Domitian, He persecutes the Christians, PROSPERITY OF THE EMPIRE, A D 96, COMMODUS, A.D. 180, REIGN OF M. COCCEIUS NERVA, A D 96-98, The Emperor Nerva, Prosperity of the empire, Trajan, His wise administration, The Dacian war, Conquests in the East, Trajan's public works, Reign of Hadrian, His travels, His death, Antoninus Pius, His excellent character, Marcus Aurelius, His conduct, He defeats the Barbarians, The depraved Commodus, His vices, Is assassinated, FROM PERTINAX TO DIOCLETIAN, A D 192-284, Pertinax made emperor, Is assassinated, Didius Julianus, Severus, His severe rule, Geta and Caracalla, Papinian executed, Cruelties of Caracalla, Elagabalus, Alexander Severus, Maximin, The Goths invade the empire, Valerian, Thirty tyrants, Zenobia, Aurelian, The Emperor Tacitus, Frugal habits of Carus, FROM DIOCLETIAN, A D 284 TO CONSTANTINE'S DEATH, A D 337, Diocletian, His colleagues, Persecution of the Christians, Abdication of Diocletian, Constantine the Great, His administration, The Council of Nice, Constantinople, Its magnificence, The praefectures, Christianity the national religion, Taxes, Family of Constantine, He is baptized and dies, FROM THE DEATH OF CONSTANTINE, A D 337, TO ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS, A D 476, The three sons of Constantine, Constantius jealous of Julian, Julian becomes emperor, Attempts to restore Paganism, Valentinian, The Huns appear in Europe, The Goths cross the Danube, Theodosius the Great, Stilicho, Alaric enters Italy, Luxury of the Romans, Sack of Rome, Arcadius and Honorius, The Vandals, The Huns, Romulus Augustulus, Extinction of the Empire of the West, ROMAN LITERATURE UNDER THE EMPIRE, A D 14-476, Decline of Roman letters, Roman Epic poetry, Lucan, Silius Italicus, Claudian, Persius, Juvenal, Martial, Roman History, Velleius Paterculus, Valerius Maximus, Tacitus, Quintus Curtius, Roman Rhetoric, Seneca the elder, Quintilian, Appuleius, Roman Philosophy, Seneca, The elder Pliny, His nephew, Roman Grammarians, Macrobius, Marcellinus, Roman Legal writers, Gains, Roman Science, Roman Art, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, The Roman Forum, FRONTISPIECE, Puteal on a Coin of the Scribonia Gens, TITLE-PAGE, Map of Italy, Temple of Janus, Julius Cæsar, Virgil, Tivoli, the ancient Tibur, Gate of Arpinum, The Alban Hills, Plan of the City of Romulus, Salii carrying the Ancilia, Arch of Volaterrae, Pons Sublicius, restored by Canina, Cloaca Maxima, Map of Rome, showing the Servian Wall and the Seven Hills, Coin representing the children of Brutus led to death by Lictors, The Campagna of Rome, The Environs of Rome, Tarpeian Rock, View in the neighborhood of Veii, Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus restored, Ruins at Capua, Coin of Pyrrhus, Temple of Vesta, Mount Ercta in Sicily, Columna Rostrata, Plan of Mount Ercta, Coin of Carthage, Coin of Hiero, Lake Trasimenus, Map of the coasts of the Mediterranean, illustrating the history of the Punic Wars, Route of Hannibal, Plain of Cannae, Hannibal, The Capitoline Wolf, Coin of Antiochus the Great, Roman Soldiers, Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, Lictors, A Roman general addressing the soldiers, Scipio Africanus, Island in the Tiber, with the Fabrician and Cestian Bridges, Plan of Carthage, Personification of the River Tiber, Stairs of the modern Capitol, The Forum in its present state, Temple of Saturn at Rome, A Roman Trophy, Soldiers blowing Tubae and Cornua, Caius Marius, Fasces, Tomb of Metella Cæcilia, Beneventum in Samnium, Coin of the Eight Italian Nations taking the Oath of Federation, Terracina, Mount Argæus in Cappadocia, Coin of Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia, Brundusium, Coin of Sulla, Cn Pompeius Magnus, Temple of Pudicitia Patricia at Rome, Coin of Mithridates, Coin of Tigranes, Cicero, Coin of Pompey, Julius Cæsar, Temple of Hercules at Rome, Temple of Nemausus, Nimes, now called the Maison Carree, Ruins on the Esquiline, Marcus Brutus, Coin of Julius Cæsar, Statue of a Roman, representing the Toga, M Antonius, Philippi, Coin of Antony and Cleopatra, M Agrippa, Plan of Actium, Map of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, Horace, Mæcenas, Aureus of Augustus Cæsar, old Coin of Agrippa, The Carpentum or Chariot, Medal of Augustus, Medal of Nero, Roman Galley, Copper Coin of Antoninus Pius, Trajan's Pillar, adrian's Mausoleum restored, Reverse of a Brass Coin of Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Pertinax, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, Court-yard of Diocletian's Palace at Spolatro, Constantino and Fausta, Arch of Constantine, Map of the Propontis, Hellespont, and Bosphorus, Map of Constantinople, Julian the Apostate, Juvenal, Coin of Augustus, The Transformation of Rome from a Pagan into a Christian City, Roman Pagan Shrines and Roman Temples, Christian Churches in Rome, Roman Imperial Tombs, Papal Tombs in Rome, Pagan Cemetries in Rome, Roman Christian Cemetries, Ludi Saeculares, Inscription edited by Mommsen, with these line-illustrations and plates, Battle between Constantine and Maxentius, painting by Giulio Romano, Fransesco Penni, and Raffaellino del Colle, Heliotype, Frontispiece, Arch of Constantine, The Translation of St Cyril's Remains, fresco in St Clemente, done at the order of Maria Macellaria, The Western Summit of the Capitoline Hill, Panel from the Arch of Marcus Aurelius, Plan of Schola above the Catacombs of Callixtus, Nortet's Les Catacombes Romains, Plan of Old St Peter's, showing its relation to the Circus of Nero, Plan of the Graves surrounding that of St Peter discovered at the Time of Paul V, from a rare engraving by Benedetto Drei, head master mason to the Pope, The site of the tomb of St Peter and the Fenestella are indicated by the author, St Peter's in 1588, from an engraving by Ciampini, The Two Basilicas of St Paul, the original structure of Constantine in black. that of Theodosius and Honorius shaded, Map showing the Location of Phaon's Villa, Sarcophagus of Helena, Mother of Constantine, Rotunda and Obelisk, South of Old St Peter's, After Bonannivi, Crypt of Pope Cornelius, The Cloisters of the Lateran, as now restored, Tomb of Innocent VIII, Tomb of Paul III, Figure from the Tomb of Clement XIII, Interior of a Columbarium in the Vigna Codini, Detail from the Ceiling of the House discovered in the Farnesina Gardens, Works of Art discovered in the Tomb of Sulpicius Platorinus, Tomb of the Boy Q. Sulpicius Maximus, The Appian Way and the Campagna, Objects found in the Grave of Crepereia Tryphaena, Christian Military Cemetery of Concordia Sagittaria, The Ideal Roman Figure of Christ, Tablet of Acilius Glabrio, Map of the Via Salaria, Portrait Bust of Philip the Younger, Inscription found near the Porta del Popolo, 1877, Inscription in a tomb of the Via Severiana at Ostia, Lamp of Annius Ser with figure of the Good Shepherd, Picture of Orpheus found in the Catacombs of Priscilla, The Four Seasons, from the Imperial Palace, Ostia, Ancient Candelabrum in the church of Saints Nereo ed Achilleo, The Templum Sacrae Urbis, Saints Cosma e Damiano, Mosaic from the church of St Andrea, The Shrine and Altar of Mercurius Sobriusvii, Kantharos in the Court of St. Cæcilia, Sample of a Drinking-cup, A Granary of Ostia, Entablature of the Temple of Concord, Facsimile from the Corpus Insriptionum Latinarum, Nemi and the site of the Temple of Diana, Portrait Bust of Person cured at Nemi, The stern of the ship of the Island of the Tiber, Fragment of a Lamp inscribed with the name of Minerva, Votive Head, The Cliffs under the Citadel of Veii, now called Piazza d' Armi, A Pelasgic hieron, or platform of altar, at Segni, Round Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium, Ara of Aius Locutius on the Palatine, Pillar commemorating the Ludi Sæculares, Plan and section of the Altar of Dis and Proserpina, The family of Augustus (relief from the Ara Pacis, in the Gallery of the Uffizi, Florence, View of the Platform of the Temple of Jupiter, The Sphinx of Amasis, Obelisk of Rameses the Great, One of the Provinces from the Temple of Neptune, Plan of the Temple of Augustus, Remains of the Temple of Augustus, from a sketch by Ligorio, Statue of Semo Sancus, Remains of the House of Pudens, discovered in 1870, Plan of Pompeian House, Remains of the House of Pudens, Front Wall, pierced by Modern Windows, The Colonna Santaviii, View of a section of the Nave of old St Peter's, South Side, Nave of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, The Fountain of Symmachus, The Chair of St Peter, after photograph from original, Bronze Statue of St Peter, Statue of St Hippolytus, The Burning of St Paul's, July 15, 1823, from an old print, Tombstone of St Paul, Statue of Constantine the Great, Military funeral evolutions, from the base of the column of Antoninus, The Apotheosis of an Emperor, from the base of the column of Antoninus, The Cippus of Agrippina the Elder, made into a Measure for Grain, Head of Nero, in the Capitoline Museum, The Ponte Nomentano, Plan of the Alta Semita, Remains of Geta's Mausoleum, The Torre Pignattara, The Mausoleum of St Constantia, Plan of the Imperial Mausoleum, Portrait heads of St Peter and St Paul, Tombstone of Cornelius, Portrait of Pope Cornelius, from a fresco near his grave, The Atrium of Old St Peter's, Statue of St Gregory the Great, The Angel on the Mausoleum of Hadrian, Modern Façade of the Monastery of St Gregory on the Cælian, Inscription of Vassalectus, Candelabrum in the Church of St Paolo fuori le Muraix, The Antinous of the Banca Nazionale, Ancient house in the Farnesina Gardens, Specimen of outline designs in the ancient house in the Farnesina Gardens, The Judgment of Solomon, Panel from the bronze door of St Peter's, by Filarete, Tomb of Helius, the shoemaker, Sarcophagus of the Leukippides, Tomb of Annia Regilla, Fragment, The Sacred Grove and the Temple of Ceres; 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