BRUSSELS : Russia and China confirmed new outbreaks of potentially lethal avian influenza Wednesday, fuelling concerns of a global flu pandemic as Europe scrambled to contain the virus on its southeastern flank.
Russia's agriculture ministry said the virulent H5N1 virus - already detected in Siberia in the summer - had been detected in the province of Tula, west of the Ural mountains, apparently borne by wild ducks.
In an immediate response, the European Union - which suffered a new blow as a fresh case of the lethal version of the virus was found in Romania - announced plans to extend a ban on Russian bird imports.
Europe's jitters about bird flu were triggered by the confirmation last week that Turkey and Romania have cases of the H5N1 strain of the virus, which has killed more than 60 people in Asia.
The big fear among experts is that H5N1 may mutate, acquiring genes from the human influenza virus that would make it highly infectious as well as lethal - possibly killing millions worldwide as the influenza pandemic of 1918 did.
"Experts tell us that a human influenza pandemic is a real possibility, which could happen at any time in the coming years," said EU health commissioner Markos Kyprianou. "We need to plan for this."
In Moscow, authorities confirmed that the virus in Tula was the H5N1 type, which was found in Siberia.
"We have confirmation from the laboratory that it is the H5N1 form" of bird flu, Nikolai Vlasov, deputy head of the ministry's veterinary control department, told AFP.
The announcement marks the the first time the virus has arrived west of the Urals in Russia. Russia has culled hundreds of thousands of fowl and imposed numerous quarantines in a bid to wipe out the virus.
In Beijing meanwhile authorities announced China's first reported outbreak of bird flu in more than two months, saying the disease had killed 2,600 birds, mostly chickens, on a farm in its northern Inner Mongolia region.
The national bird flu laboratory confirmed that an epidemic on a farm near the Inner Mongolian capital of Hohhot was the H5N1 strain, the Xinhua news agency reported.
The brief Xinhua report said the ministry of agriculture had immediately dispatched teams to ensure necessary quarantine and disinfection measures were undertaken.
"Currently, the outbreak has been brought efficiently under control," the agency said. "No new outbreaks have been discovered."
Back on Europe's borders, Romanian and Turkish authorities continued to battle to contain the outbreaks.
In Romania, authorities confirmed that tests have confirmed the presence of new cases of the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus, after it was initially detected at the weekend.
But the focus of more immediate concern turned to Greece, where authorities were awaiting the results of tests on a suspected case found on the tiny Aegean island of Oinousses on Monday.
Health Minister Nikitas Kaklamanis arrived on the islet bearing a consignment of 20 vaccines for the local health centre, and words of reassurance about the prospects of an avian flu pandemic.
"I am confident that the samples will be proven negative," said Kaklamanis.
If the H5N1 virus were confirmed in Greece, it would be the first time the lethal strain had arrived in the 25-nation EU.
Meanwhile Swiss pharmaceuticals giant Roche reported that sales of its Tamiflu drug, in high demand as a defence against a flu pandemic, had more than tripled in the first nine months of the year.
Roche also said that it was likely to turn to a "significant" number of partners to produce Tamiflu under license, reinforcing a statement that the company was now open to so-called secondary licensing agreements.
Responding to the Swiss firm's offer, Taiwan said Wednesday it could produce up to a million doses of anti-flu treatment Tamiflu within months if it obtains a license from Roche.
But concerns over a potential new front also grew, as a UN agency warned of the feared prospect of the virus spreading to Africa - saying such a scenario could increase the chances of it mutating into a virulent human flu virus,
The Food and Agriculture Organisation expressed confidence that Romania and Turkey would be able to quickly contain outbreaks of the H5N1 strain of bird flu.
But it said: "If the virus were to become endemic in eastern Africa, it could increase the risk of the virus to evolve through mutation or reassortment into a strain that could be transmitted to and between humans." - AFP
SAO PAULO, Brazil, Oct 18 (Reuters) - Brazil, the world's No.1 poultry exporter, is preparing an emergency plan to combat bird flu, Brazil's Agriculture Ministry said on Tuesday.
Brazil shipped 2.47 million tonnes of poultry worth $2.6 billion in 2004, overtaking the United States as the top poultry exporter.
"We are updating emergency sanitary measures with greater emphasis on bird flu," Inacio Afonso Kroetz, acting secretary of animal and plant protection, told Reuters.
In Luxembourg, EU foreign ministers on Tuesday urged global cooperation to tackle the threat of avian flu as Greece probed what could be the first appearance of a deadly strain in an EU member country.
The H5N1 strain, which has killed more than 60 people since it first appeared in 1997, was recently discovered in Turkey and Romania. Scientists fear that if the virus passes from birds to humans it could kill millions worldwide.
Brazil's contingency plan, due to be finalized by this weekend, would reinforce airport controls.
Brazilian poultry production would be regionalized so that if bird flu was found, eradication measures, such as slaughter of birds, could be more easily restricted to the infected area. A similar measure exists for foot-and-mouth disease.
The aim is to allow importing countries to ban poultry purchases only from the infected area, not from all Brazil.
Brazil's Poultry Producers' Union (UBA) said that regionalization would be implemented in three stages, starting in January 2006, covering the country's southern states and Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais.
The plan, involving the creation of checkpoints and transit corridors, would cost 50 million reais ($22 million) and take three years to implement, according to the producers' union.
Ariel Mendes, UBA's technical vice president, said emergency veterinary teams would be trained in Brazilian states to fight bird flu. Such teams are equipped only for foot-and-mouth disease now.
After a case of bird flu in Colombia, Brazil's producers also urged the government to strengthen border controls to stop poultry being smuggled in from neighboring countries.
Poulty farmers are having flashbacks to 2003 when the avian flu first hit Korea and they were forced to cull their birds. Chicken sellers are already seeing a decline in sales after the recent warnings of the deadly virus.
Some people are attempting to be proactive and get a flu shot now. But this is not an effective preventive measure against avian influenza, as there are no true vaccines developed anywhere in the world yet.
Global efforts, however, are underway as recent outbreaks in some Southeast Asian and European countries underscore the need for countries' urgent actions and regional cooperation to contain the virus.
And Korea, with painful memories of the previous bird flu outbreak, is joining the global race to develop flu vaccines against the deadly H5N1 strain.
The avian flu first struck Korea in December 2003 and continued through March 2004, with cases reported at 19 farms. Around 5.3 million animals from 392 farms were culled or buried. It played havoc on chicken stores with an estimated economic impact of 1 trillion won in losses.
But no further cases have been reported since.
This time, amid mounting global concerns over the potential for a bird flu pandemic - should it successfully jump the species barrier and become a human-to-human infectious disease - the government said it will conduct joint surveillance and the exchange of information relating to any potential outbreak in Korea.
The government issued an avian influenza alert on Oct. 14 to prepare poultry farmers for the arrival of migratory birds in winter.
It designated a prevention period through next February to beef up vigilance and close surveillance at avian sanctuaries and areas near the Demilitarized Zone, the joint areas between the two Koreas.
The government said last Friday that it will also launch a government-civilian panel for devising a strategy to fight the disease. The panel, headed by Prime Minister Lee Hae-chan, will be comprised of 20 experts from the private sector.
The panel has designated 21 cities and regions where vigilance should be beefed up and poultry should be checked twice daily, health officials said.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of Health and Welfare will co-organize a committee for preventing the pandemic and the state-run Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention will set up a 24-hour emergency room.
The government also said it will cooperate with North Korean authorities. North Korea acknowledged the virus outbreak early this year but did not specify when it occurred or which type of virus it was.
Experts say that cooperation with North Korea is essential in that the virus can be transmitted through migratory birds in the Demilitarized Zone. Quarantines will be strengthened for cars passing the South-North borders, a government official said.
Additionally, the stockpile of the anti-influenza virus medicine Tamiflu will be increased to treat 1 million people from the current 700,000, the government said.
Tamiflu is the only commercially available antiviral drug in the world. Switzerland-based pharmaceutical firm Roche holds a monopoly power over selling the drug, which has sparked criticism from other drug makers.
According to reports, the Korea Food and Drug Administration is seeking ways to produce a copycat version of antiviral vaccine Tamiflu without prior consent from patent holder Roche.
The international patent laws stipulate that there is an exception in which prior consent from a patent holder is not required when the patent helps a nation out of an extreme crisis, said KFDA.
The state-run drug agency had requested drug-related associations, including Korea Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association, to inquire if there're any pharmaceutical firms capable of making the copycat version.
Currently, Tamiflu cannot be purchased at drug stores; each government has the drug in stock for emergencies. But Tamiflu is not a bird flu vaccine; it can be used as a prophylaxis against the flu and as a treatment for someone who has contracted the disease.
Globally, there are two kinds of bird flu vaccines which are not commercially available: one developed by the U.S. National Institute of Health and another by Roche.
Against this backdrop, Korean scientists also joined the global efforts to develop bird flu vaccines and find ways to commercially deploy them.
For instance, Korea Green Cross Corp., a pharmaceuticals company, said last week that it is in the process of developing vaccines for SARS and bird flu at its newly built vaccine plant in Hwasun, South Jeolla Province.
The company said it will invest 200 billion won through 2008 and the Hwasun plant is expected to roll out 20 million doses of bird flu vaccines.
Further, an academic-industrial research consortium will soon be organized to develop a bird flu vaccine, the Seoul-based International Vaccine Institute said last week.
Renowned vaccine experts will participate in the project. The team includes Pohang University of Science and Technology professor Sung Young-chul; Seoul National University professor Kim Sun-young; Seong Baik-lin, biotechnology professor at Yonsei University and Kwon Jun-heon, disease control director of the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service.
Biopharmaceutical manufacturing company Celltrion and the Mogam Biotech Institute, an affiliate research center of Korea Green Cross Corp. will also participate in the research project.
Along the same lines, "global pharmaceutical companies such as The Sanofi-Aventis Group and Merck & Co., Inc. are developing avian influenza vaccines, supported by countries such as the United States and Switzerland," said Park Mahn-hoon, research director at Mogam Biotech Institute.
"Currently, there are two stumbling blocks to making bird flu vaccines," said Yonsei University professor Seong Baik-lin who participates in the IVI-led vaccine development consortium.
"First, to make proper vaccines, a matching bird flu virus - H5N1 - from Southeast Asian countries where the disease started should be secured. But every nation is prohibited from transferring those viruses," said the biotechnology professor.
That's why international cooperation, specifically with Southeast Asian nations, is important. The government's support for building high-level lab facilities should also be underscored, Seong said.
"Research labs for developing bird flu vaccines require a high containment level, at least BL3 (bio-defense level 3) or more. Korea doesn't have that level of lab facilities. Therefore, there's this need for more governmental support on developing vaccines," Seong said.
So, what else can be done to prevent a possible bird flu pandemic, especially at an individual level?
"Complete avoidance is the best method to prevent a bird flu pandemic. People are advised to refrain from visiting Southeast Asian countries where the disease was first originated. Chickens and ducks should be cooked well enough," said Dr. Yeom Joon-sup at Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center.
Neverthelss, an overly cautious manner against bird flu is better to be avoided, observers say.
There are four countries where bird flu has spread from poultry and infected humans. The World Health Organisation recognises 60 deaths from among the 117 cases that have been recorded globally so far.
Vietnam
There have been 41 deaths and 91 cases in Vietnam. Government officials and veterinarians have asked the relevant agencies to limit the keeping of poultry in high-risk areas. The government is spending 700bn Vietnamese dong (£25m) on vaccinating birds. Vietnam is importing bird flu vaccines from China and expects to have vaccinated all its poultry by late March 2007.
Thailand
Hit at the beginning of the current outbreak with 17 cases and 12 deaths between December 2003 and October 2004. Although there have been no confirmed cases since then, officials hope to start human trials of an H5N1 vaccine in March.
Cambodia
All four people confirmed with bird flu in Cambodia have subsequently died. American health officials have been concerned about the country's surveillance and containment capacities should a mutation take place. The US has offered $2m (£1.14m) to improve the country's response systems.
Indonesia
Five people have been infected in recent months and three of them have died. The authorities have imposed "extraordinary" measures, including the power to force people suspected of having bird flu into hospital. Most Indonesian households keep chickens or caged birds as pets.
These are the countries where bird flu has been confirmed in poultry
China
The authorities revealed in August 2004 that the H5N1 virus had been found in pigs but denied claims that they had kept an outbreak of bid flu secret for over a year. A colour-coded emergency bird flu plan was eventually revealed in September 2005. British flu experts were visiting China in October 2005 to find out how the Chinese are responding to the threat. During the Sars outbreak in Asia, there was concern that China failed to reveal the full extent of the crisis.
Japan
Among the first countries to be affected by the current out break of bird flu. In March 2004, a poultry firm boss and his wife committed suicide after apparently covering up an outbreak.
Turkey
On October 10, the EU banned the import of live birds, poultry meat and feathers from Turkey after 1,870 birds died of avian flu in the country. A two-mile quarantine zone was imposed around the affected area and thousands of turkeys were culled.
Romania
The H5N1 strain was confirmed in the country on October 15. The authorities placed an exclusion zone around the villages in the Danube delta where bird flu had been found. The Guardian' s Mark Honigsbaum witnessed police apparently confused about which vehicles should be sprayed. There are also local reports that birds were washed up on the shores three months before officials acted.
Greece
The first EU country to declare a bird flu outbreak when the disease was confirmed on October 17 on a turkey farm on the Aegean island of Oinouses, near the coast of Turkey. Poultry exports from Greece have been stopped.
There also have been confirmed cases amongst poultry in Laos, Malaysia, South Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
Elsewhere:
UK
The government is spending £200m to buy 14.6m doses of the anti-viral drug Tamiflu. It is also purchasing 2m treatments of bird flu vaccine to treat key workers. Birdwatchers have been enlisted to help quickly identify any arrival of bird flu. The Department of Health has published its contingency plan, as has Defra, the rural affairs and agriculture department. Were bird flu to arrive, the initial reaction would include the setting up of exclusion zones around infected areas, culling of flocks and vaccination of key workers.
US
Although there have been no cases of the current bird flu outbreak in the US, the president, George Bush, says that he has considered using the military to maintain control should the strain appear. Grounding airlines could be another measure, Mr Bush, who took on holiday with him a book about the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, indicated.
In September the Senate voted to spend $3.9bn in bird flu funds, largely to build domestic stockpiles of antiviral drugs and vaccines. By mid-October the US had a stockpile of around 2.3m courses of Tamiflu, with more on order. It also has around 83,000 courses of zanamivir (Relenza), another antiviral, which could be used to treat sufferers. Officials at San Francisco airport, a major gateway to the US from Asia, have been told to look out for signs of avian flu among travellers.
Singapore
With bird flu outbreaks confirmed in neighbouring countries, Singapore banned people from keeping live chickens on the island of Pulau Ubin in June 2005. The government has also told people not to visit poultry farms.
Poland
The government has banned the sale of live birds at open-air markets and ordered farmers to keep poultry in closed quarters beginning Monday. It has also banned pigeon races.
Australia
Among the warnings the government has issued is advice to wash eggs before cracking them open, and to clean your hands afterwards since the virus can be transmitted through dirt and poultry faeces.
Germany
Officials are tightening border controls and the authorities in Bavaria have banned poultry markets. Germany is one of the few countries stockpiling large quantities of Relenza as an alternative to Tamiflu. Its order, for 1.7m units, reportedly exceeded the global sales of the drug for the past four years.
The Netherlands
In 2003, 28m birds were slaughtered in the Netherlands after a less deadly strain, H7N7, infected birds and 89 people. One vet subsequently died. In August the government ordered all poultry to be kept indoors. Since the domestic free range chicken industry is small, this caused relatively little disruption.
Italy
According to the agricultural association Una, consumption of chicken is down by 30% since the crisis began. The real figure is thought to be higher, with consumption in some areas down by 70% and egg sales also hit. National and regional authorities have ordered 12m vaccine doses, covering 20% of the population.
France
The French have allocated ¿600m (£410m) for safety measures, including 14m doses of antiviral drugs; 50m face masks for hospitals, with 150m more on the way; and 40m doses of any future vaccine. Airport controls have been stepped up, and a good-practice guide distributed to farmers, who have been told to keep birds indoors as much as possible.
Bulgaria
Tests on birds suspected of carrying the disease have proved negative. But Bulgaria's ban on imports of live birds from Romania has prevented 20 circus doves on tour from returning home.
Spain
Talks between health chiefs and the health minister, Elena Salgado, resulted in Spain increasing its orders for doses of vaccines and antivirals from 2m to 10m.
'Is Tamiflu A Prescription For Survival?'
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Further down this page, you'll also find a comprehensive selection of the finest books on Urban Survival and Survival in the City. You can also click on the Amazon.com button under each of these titles to read extracts from, or reviews of them, or to place an order.
This expertly-written book on Survival Skills in the City, by John Wiseman, author of the bestselling 'SAS SURVIVAL HANDBOOK' and survival skills instructor for the famed British SAS Regiment, will equipt you for survival in the toughest environment of all - the urban jungle!
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This is the finest survival instruction and reference guide available. These techniques were taught to elite commando troops who were trained to carry out isolated, arduous operations all over the world; resupply was frequently impossible, requiring them to live off the land.
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This book will give you expert instruction in the complete spectrum of wilderness skills, and could save your life! Ideal for hunters, fishermen, canoeists, campers, climbers, prospectors, wilderness travellers, military, militia and rescue personnel etc., and for those who wish to learn how to stay alive in the wilderness, and in rough country, and to survive under any conceivable set of circumstances. "
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Whether you want to learn useful rural, homesteader or "back-to-the-land" survival skills, acquire invaluable money-saving or food-raising and preserving techniques, or to use and enjoy the astonishing wealth of over 1,000 recipes and hundreds of proven tips for cutting your personal living costs or becoming more self-reliant, or you just want regular access to Carla Emery's unparalleled storehouse of experience and advice on everything related to self-sufficient living, this is a book that you must have!
This amazing 864 page volume, now in its ninth printing, is the result of an extraordinary fusion of Carla Henry's vast experience in every area of self-reliant living with the feedback and comments [many of which are reproduced in the book] of her more than thirty thousand readers around the world. The book, in consequence, is an invaluable treasure-trove of well-tested, practical and ingenious recipes, formulas, ideas and advice. Whether you live in the city or the country, you'll find yourself consulting Carla Henry's 'Encyclopedia Of Country Living' frequently and profiting by it - or just sitting down and reading it for sheer pleasure! It is perhaps the most comprehensive resource available on the topics it covers.
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And it seems that we're not alone in our high opinion of this superb modern classic!
What reviewers across America thought of this superb reference and instructional resource book:
"It is a superb reference book, better than any number of those that pretend to teach you survival skills by concentrating on just a few crafts." - Survival Tomorrow
"This is really an encylopedia and, like a good encyclopedia, the narrative is clear and complete, the illustrations are plentiful and the whole thing is thoroughly indexed. You can spend a fortune on a library of neo-pioneer books or you can buy "BACK TO BASICS" - Times & World News, Roanoke, Va.
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"...it would be an asset to anyone's personal library at home. We recommend it highly." - Kansas City TimesFrom the Introduction:
"'Back To Basics' is a book about the simple life. It is about old-fashioned ways of doing things, and old-fashioned craftsmanship, and old-fashioned food, and old-fashioned fun. It is also about independence - the kind of down-home self-reliance that our grandparents and great grandparents took for granted, and that we moderns often think has vanished forever, along with supermarket tomatoes that taste good, packaged bread that does not have additives, and holidays that are not commercialized.In a period of terrorism, war, and increasing oil and gasoline prices, with the disruptions, shortages, and inflation which are likely to result, that last paragraph reminds us that we may all have an increasing need for improved personal survival, budgetary, and independent-living skills over the next few years! This is an essential book that anyone concerned with saving money and with deveoping practical living-skills must have.At its heart 'Back To Basics' is a how-to book packed with hundreds of projects, step-by-step sequences, charts, tables, diagrams, and illustrations to help you and your family reestablish control over your day-to-day lives. The book is organized into six main sections. The first deals with shelter, the second with energy, the third with raising food, the forth with preserving food, the fifth with home crafts, and the sixth with recreation.The subjects presented lead in logical sequence along the way stations on the road to self-sufficiency. An added feature, "Sources and Resources," lists suggestions for further reading plus names of suppliers of hard-to-find equipment.
Practical, useful information is provided on just about every skill and handicraft under the sun. You will learn how to make your own cheese, raise your own chickens, harvest your own honey, generate your own electricity, and brew your own applejack. You will be able to try your hand at blacksmithing, broom-making, and stone masonry. You will discover how to make soap, tan a hide, build an igloo, heat with wood, smoke a salmon, and create your own cosmetics. Some projects are difficult and demanding - building a log cabin or installing a solar water heating system are tasks for someone with experience, skill, and a strong back. But most of the jobs are well within the capabilities of the average person, and many are suited for family participation, especially for the kids.
While 'Back To Basics' is a book for doing, it is also a book for dreaming. There is no need to run out and start baking adobe bricks in order to enjoy learning the ins and outs of adobe construction. [It might even set you thinking about putting up your own adobe home someday]. Similarly, your imagination is apt to be fired by the interviews with folks around the country who are already practicing the skills and crafts described in 'Back To Basics'. Among others, you will hear from a husband-and-wife team who built a log cabin in Alaska, some suburban kids who raise goats and pigs in their backyard, a city worker who specializes in urban gardening, and a New Hampshire artisan who is keeping alive the Indian art of building birchbark canoes. There are also descriptions of by-gone ways of doing things: the technique of pitsawing, the Indian way of smoking a deer hide and making jerky, the inner workings of a water-powered gristmill. These - along with the historical background of each skill and charming old prints that illustrate many of them - make for fascinating reading.
Americans are a contradictory people. No nation has ever moved further from the harsh realities of wilderness existence. Yet. paradoxically, no nation has clung more tenaciously to its early ideals - to the concept of personal independence, to the mystique of the frontier, to the early pioneers' sense of rugged self-reliance. It is as if somewhere, deep in the American spirit, there has always lurked a distrust of the very technology that we, more than any other people, have spawned. Perhaps this distrust was an accident, but perhaps it was fate; for in the light of recent events that have called into question our easy dependence on modern technology, it seems to have been prophetic. Americans have long yearned for a return to basics; now, suddenly, it has become a necessity. 'Back To Basics' can do much to guide the way."
This is an absolutely essential book if you wish to increase your self-reliance and personal survival skills, as well as provide yourself with an essential reference and how-to resource in preparation for any future food or energy disruptions and shortages. We urge you to order your own copy quickly to be sure of obtaining one! This is an ideal companion to the equally-essential, bestselling 'ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COUNTRY LIVING' [see above].
Take this opportunity to add the superb, comprehensive, and invaluable 'BACK TO BASICS' to your survival, independent-living, or home library!"
Large hardback; 456 pages pages
